DevOps Interview Q & A for Beginners (Level 1)

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#1. Which of the following best describes a microservices architecture?

A single, monolithic application with tightly coupled components

An application architecture composed of small, independent services that communicate over APIs

A traditional client-server architecture

A system that relies solely on hardware for its operations

Explanation: Microservices architecture breaks down applications into smaller, loosely coupled services that can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.

#2. You need to securely inject sensitive data into a Kubernetes pod. What should you use?

ConfigMap

Secret

Environment Variables

Persistent Volume

Explanation: Secrets are used to manage sensitive data securely in Kubernetes.

#3. Which Terraform command is used to apply changes to infrastructure?

terraform init

terraform plan

terraform apply

terraform validate

Explanation: terraform apply applies the planned changes to the infrastructure.

#4. Which tool is commonly used for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD)?

Git

Jenkins

Docker

Kubernetes

Explanation: Jenkins is a popular open-source automation server used to implement CI/CD pipelines.

#5. You encounter an issue where a container cannot connect to an external API. What should you check first?

The container’s DNS configuration

The CMD directive in the Dockerfile

The container’s CPU allocation

The container’s image version

Explanation: Networking issues, including DNS, often cause connectivity problems.

#6. What does the terraform refresh command do?

Updates state file to match real-world resources

Resets the Terraform configuration

Deletes unused resources

Updates the provider plugin

Explanation: terraform refresh syncs the state file with actual resource statuses.

#7. What happens if a resource is removed from the Terraform configuration?

It is ignored during the next apply

It is deleted during the next apply

It generates an error during plan

Terraform will prompt you to confirm the deletion

Explanation: Terraform manages the lifecycle of resources defined in its configuration.

#8. Scenario: Your team is frequently experiencing merge conflicts when integrating code. What should you implement to mitigate this issue?

Daily stand-up meetings

Continuous Integration (CI)

Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

Continuous Deployment (CD)

Explanation: Continuous Integration helps to frequently merge code changes into a shared repository, reducing the chances of merge conflicts by identifying them early.

#9. How can you ensure that a pod is scheduled on a specific node?

Use a Node Selector

Use an Affinity Rule

Set a Node Label and use Node Affinity

All of the above

Explanation: All listed methods can influence pod scheduling on specific nodes.

#10. What is the primary purpose of a Kubernetes Ingress?

To handle internal pod communication

To provide external HTTP and HTTPS routing to services

To allocate persistent storage to pods

To monitor pod health

Explanation: Ingress manages HTTP and HTTPS traffic routing to Kubernetes services.

#11. What is the role of Kubernetes in a DevOps environment?

Version control

Continuous integration

Container orchestration

Code review

Explanation: Kubernetes is a container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

#12. Which command can you use to debug a running Kubernetes pod?

kubectl logs

kubectl exec

kubectl describe pod

All of the above

Explanation: Each command provides specific debugging information: logs for output, exec for shell access, and describe for configuration details.

#13. Which provider configuration syntax is correct in Terraform?

provider "aws" { region = "us-west-2" }

aws_provider { region = "us-west-2" }

aws { region = "us-west-2" }

provider aws { region = "us-west-2" }

Explanation: Provider blocks define configurations for Terraform providers.

#14. You encounter a lock error when running terraform apply. What might resolve it?

Delete the .terraform directory

Run terraform force-unlock with the lock ID

Reinitialize Terraform with terraform init

Use the -lock=false flag

Explanation: Force-unlocking resolves lock contention issues in Terraform state files.

#15. What is the primary benefit of using version control systems like Git in DevOps?

To run tests on the code

To automate deployments

To track and manage changes in code

To manage cloud resources

Explanation: Version control systems help track and manage code changes, facilitating collaboration and improving code quality.

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