DevOps Interview Q & A for Beginners (Level 1)

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#1. Which of the following is a primary goal of DevOps?

Enhance security at all costs

Speed up software development

Reduce the collaboration between teams

Delay software releases

Explanation: DevOps aims to speed up software development by fostering collaboration between development and operations teams and automating processes.

#2. You encounter a lock error when running terraform apply. What might resolve it?

Delete the .terraform directory

Run terraform force-unlock with the lock ID

Reinitialize Terraform with terraform init

Use the -lock=false flag

Explanation: Force-unlocking resolves lock contention issues in Terraform state files.

#3. What happens if a resource is removed from the Terraform configuration?

It is ignored during the next apply

It is deleted during the next apply

It generates an error during plan

Terraform will prompt you to confirm the deletion

Explanation: Terraform manages the lifecycle of resources defined in its configuration.

#4. What is the role of Kubernetes in a DevOps environment?

Version control

Continuous integration

Container orchestration

Code review

Explanation: Kubernetes is a container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

#5. You encounter an issue where a container cannot connect to an external API. What should you check first?

The container’s DNS configuration

The CMD directive in the Dockerfile

The container’s CPU allocation

The container’s image version

Explanation: Networking issues, including DNS, often cause connectivity problems.

#6. Which of the following best describes continuous integration?

The practice of merging all developers' working copies to a shared mainline several times a day

The practice of deploying code to production automatically

The practice of testing code only once before deployment

The practice of using virtual machines in development

Explanation: Continuous integration involves frequent integration of code changes into a shared repository, allowing for early detection of integration issues.

#7. Which Kubernetes object should you use to maintain a specified number of pod replicas running?

Deployment

StatefulSet

DaemonSet

ReplicaSet

Explanation: ReplicaSet ensures a specified number of pod replicas. Deployments use ReplicaSets under the hood.

#8. Which tool is commonly used for continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD)?

Git

Jenkins

Docker

Kubernetes

Explanation: Jenkins is a popular open-source automation server used to implement CI/CD pipelines.

#9. Which command can you use to debug a running Kubernetes pod?

kubectl logs

kubectl exec

kubectl describe pod

All of the above

Explanation: Each command provides specific debugging information: logs for output, exec for shell access, and describe for configuration details.

#10. Which Docker command would you use to view all running and stopped containers on a host?

docker ps

docker ps -a

docker container list

docker inspect

Explanation: The -a flag shows all containers, including stopped ones.

#11. How would you prevent sensitive data from being logged in Terraform state files?

Use the sensitive argument in variable definitions

Encrypt the state file manually

Use an external key management tool

Store variables in .tfvars

Explanation: Marking variables as sensitive ensures they are not logged in plaintext.

#12. Which practice involves automated testing, building, and deployment of code?

Continuous Integration

Continuous Deployment

Continuous Testing

Continuous Monitoring

Explanation: Continuous Deployment involves the automatic deployment of code to production environments following successful automated tests.

#13. Which of the following best describes a microservices architecture?

A single, monolithic application with tightly coupled components

An application architecture composed of small, independent services that communicate over APIs

A traditional client-server architecture

A system that relies solely on hardware for its operations

Explanation: Microservices architecture breaks down applications into smaller, loosely coupled services that can be developed, deployed, and scaled independently.

#14. What does the term "shift left" refer to in DevOps?

Moving testing to later stages of development

Integrating security practices into the beginning of the development process

Using more hardware resources

Deploying applications without testing

Explanation: “Shift left” means integrating and addressing issues like security and testing earlier in the development cycle to identify and resolve problems sooner.

#15. What type of Kubernetes service is used to expose an application to the internet?

ClusterIP

NodePort

LoadBalancer

ExternalName

Explanation: A LoadBalancer service routes external traffic to the application.

Finish